Zikomo pochezera Nature.com.Msakatuli womwe mukugwiritsa ntchito uli ndi chithandizo chochepa cha CSS.Kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino kwambiri, tikupangira kuti mugwiritse ntchito msakatuli wosinthidwa (kapena muzimitsa mawonekedwe ofananirako mu Internet Explorer).Pakali pano, kuti mutsimikizire pitilizani kuthandizira, tidzawonetsa tsambalo popanda masitayilo ndi JavaScript.
Kutulutsa kwa mercury kuchokera ku migodi ya golide ndi migodi yaing'ono kumwera kwa dziko lapansi kumaposa kuyaka kwa malasha monga gwero lalikulu kwambiri la mercury padziko lonse lapansi. migodi ya golidi inalandira zolowetsa za mercury zapamwamba kwambiri, zokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu ndi methylmercury mumlengalenga, masamba a canopy, ndi dothi. Apa, tikuwonetsa kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti nkhalango za nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi migodi ya golidi yaukadaulo zimatsekereza mercury yambiri komanso gaseous pamitengo molingana. Timalemba kuchuluka kwa mercury m'nthaka, biomass ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'madera otetezedwa komanso olemera kwambiri ku Amazon, zomwe zikubweretsa mafunso ofunikira okhudza momwe kuwonongeka kwa mercury kumalepheretsa kuyesetsa kwamakono komanso mtsogolo kuteteza zachilengedwe m'malo otenthawa. .
Vuto lomwe likukulirakulira pazachilengedwe za nkhalango za kumadera otentha ndi migodi ya golide yaukadaulo ndi yaing'ono (ASGM). Mtundu uwu wa migodi ya golide umapezeka m'maiko opitilira 70, nthawi zambiri mwamwayi kapena mosaloledwa, ndipo amawerengera pafupifupi 20% ya golide wopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. ndizofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ammudzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhalango ziwonongeke kwambiri2,3, kutembenuka kwakukulu kwa nkhalango kukhala maiwe4, matope ochuluka m'mitsinje yapafupi5,6, ndipo ndiwothandiza kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi Kutulutsa mpweya wa mercury (Hg) ndi waukulu kwambiri. magwero a madzi a mercury 7. Malo ambiri omwe akuchulukirachulukira a ASGM ali m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana8, kutayika kwa zamoyo zovutirapo9 ndi anthu10,11,12 ndi zilombo zolusa kwambiri13, 14 kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mercury.Kuyerekeza matani 675-1000 a Hg yr-1 imasinthidwa ndikumasulidwa kumlengalenga wapadziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku ntchito za ASGM pachaka7. Kugwiritsa ntchito mercury yambiri ndi migodi ya golide yaukadaulo ndi yaying'ono kwasintha magwero akulu.za mpweya wa mercury wa mumlengalenga kuchokera kumpoto kwa dziko lonse lapansi kupita kumwera kwa dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi mercury fate, transport and exposure pattern.
Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa Minamata on Mercury unayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2017, ndipo Article 7 ikukamba za kutulutsa kwa mercury kuchokera ku migodi ya golide ya akatswiri ndi ang'onoang'ono. kulimbikitsa golide ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa mercury (GEM; Hg0) mumlengalenga. Izi zikuchitika ngakhale magulu monga United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) ndi NGOs kulimbikitsa M’mene timalemba mu 2021, mayiko 132, kuphatikizapo dziko la Peru, asayina mgwirizano wa Minamata ndipo ayamba kupanga ndondomeko zoyendetsera dziko lonse pofuna kuthana ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa mercury okhudzana ndi ASGM. kukhala ophatikizika, okhazikika komanso okhazikika, poganizira zomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zoopsa zachilengedwe15,16,17,18.Zolinga zamakono zothana ndi zotsatira za mercury m'chilengedwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kuopsa kwa mercury komwe kumakhudzana ndi migodi ya golide ya amisiri ndi ang'onoang'ono pafupi ndi zachilengedwe za m'madzi, kuphatikizapo ochita migodi ndi anthu okhala pafupi ndi moto wa amalgam, ndi madera omwe amadya nsomba zambiri zolusa .Kuwonekera kwa mercury kuntchito Kupyolera mu mpweya wa mercury vapor kuchokera pakuyaka kwa amalgam, kukhudzana ndi zakudya za mercury pogwiritsa ntchito nsomba, ndi mercury bioaccumulation muzakudya za m'madzi zakhala zomwe zimafufuza kafukufuku wa sayansi wokhudzana ndi ASGM, kuphatikizapo ku Amazon.Maphunziro akale (mwachitsanzo, onani Lodenius ndi Malm19).
Zamoyo zapadziko lapansi zilinso pachiwopsezo cha mercury exposure kuchokera ku ASGM.Atmospheric Hg yotulutsidwa kuchokera ku ASGM monga GEM imatha kubwerera kumtunda wapadziko lapansi kudzera munjira zazikulu zitatu20 (mkuyu 1): GEM imatha kukopeka ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamlengalenga, zomwe zimalandidwa ndi pamwamba;GEM ikhoza kutengeka mwachindunji ndi zomera ndikuphatikizidwa m'magulu awo;Pomaliza, GEM ikhoza kukhala ndi oxidized ku mitundu ya Hg(II), yomwe imatha kuuma, kulowetsedwa mumlengalenga, kapena kulowa m'madzi amvula. Njirazi zimapereka mercury kunthaka kudzera m'madzi ogwa (ie, mvula kudutsa mumtengo), zinyalala, ndi mvula, motsatana.Kuyika kwamadzi kungadziwike ndi mercury fluxes mu matope omwe amasonkhanitsidwa m'malo otseguka.Dry deposition ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa ngati kuchuluka kwa mercury flux mu zinyalala ndi mercury flux mu kugwa kuchotsa mercury flux mu precipitation.Kafukufuku wambiri alemba mercury kulemeretsa mu zamoyo zapadziko lapansi ndi zam'madzi pafupi ndi ntchito ya ASGM (onani, mwachitsanzo, tebulo lachidule mu Gerson et al. 22), mwina chifukwa cha sedimentary mercury input ndi kumasulidwa kwa mercury mwachindunji. Kuyika mercury pafupi ndi ASGM kungakhale chifukwa cha kuwotchedwa kwa mercury-gold amalgam, sizikudziwika bwino momwe Hg iyi imasamutsidwira m'dera lachigawo komanso kufunikira kofananira ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.njira zonse pafupi ndi ASGM.
Mercury yomwe imatulutsidwa ngati gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) imatha kuyikidwa pamalopo kudzera munjira zitatu zakumlengalenga. Choyamba, GEM imatha kukhala oxidized kukhala ionic Hg (Hg2+), yomwe imatha kulowa m'malovu amadzi ndikuyikidwa pamasamba ngati mvula kapena Chachiwiri, GEMs akhoza kudsorb atmospheric particulate matter (Hgp), yomwe imalowetsedwa ndi masamba ndikutsukidwa kumtunda kupyolera mu mathithi pamodzi ndi intercepted ionic Hg. Chachitatu, GEM ikhoza kulowetsedwa mu minofu ya masamba, pamene Hg imayikidwa mu Pamodzi ndi madzi akugwa ndi zinyalala zimatengedwa ngati kuyerekezera kwa mercury yonse.
Tikuyembekeza kuti kuchulukitsitsa kwa mercury kutsika ndi mtunda wochokera kuzinthu zitatu zomwe Mercury amatulutsa. kuyikidwa mu zachilengedwe komanso momwe zimakhalira zoopsa kwa zinyama Kuopsa kwa zotsatira zake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe zomera zimapangidwira, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera m'nkhalango za boreal ndi zozizira kumpoto kwa latitudes23. komanso kuchuluka kwa malo owonekera masamba amasiyana mosiyanasiyana.Kufunika kofananira kwa njira za mercury deposition m'zachilengedwezi sikunatchulidwe momveka bwino, makamaka nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi magwero otulutsa mercury, kulimba kwake komwe sikuwoneka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango za boreal.Chifukwa chake, mu izi pophunzira, timafunsa mafunso otsatirawa: (1) Kodi gaseous elemental mercury concentrations ndinjira zoyikamo zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuyandikira kwa ASGM ndi mlozera wa tsamba la dera la chigawo?(2) Kodi kusungidwa kwa mercury m'nthaka kumayenderana ndi zolowa mumlengalenga? ndiye woyamba kuwunika zolowetsa mercury pafupi ndi ntchito ya ASGM komanso momwe chivundikiro cha denga chimayenderana ndi mawonekedwewa, komanso woyamba kuyeza kuchuluka kwa methylmercury (MeHg) m'malo a Amazon Amazon. mercury ndi methylmercury m'masamba, zinyalala, ndi dothi la m'nkhalango ndi malo odulidwa nkhalango m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Madre de Dios wa makilomita 200 kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru. zinthu zomwe zimayendetsa mumlengalenga wa Hg (GEM) ndi kuyika kwamadzi kwa Hg (mvula yamkuntho).ee canopy structure,21,24 tikuyembekezeranso kuti madera a nkhalango azikhala ndi zinthu zambiri za mercury kuposa madera otsala odulidwa nkhalango, omwe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa masamba ndi kugwidwa kwa mercury, Mfundo imodzi ndiyodetsa nkhawa.Intact Amazon Forest. okhala m’nkhalango pafupi ndi matauni a migodi anali ndi milingo yambiri ya mercury kuposa nyama zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi madera a migodi.
Kufufuza kwathu kunachitika m'chigawo cha Madre de Dios kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Peruvian Amazon, komwe mahekitala opitilira 100,000 ankhalango adadulidwa nkhalango kuti apange ASGM3 yoyandikana ndi, nthawi zina mkati mwa madera otetezedwa ndi malo osungira dziko. migodi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje m'chigawo chakumadzulo kwa Amazon chawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi ndipo chikuyembekezeka kukwera ndi mitengo ya golide wokwera komanso kuwonjezereka kwa kulumikizana ndi mizinda ya m'matauni kudzera mumsewu wodutsa nyanja yamchere Zochita zipitilira 3.Tidasankha malo awiri opanda migodi (Boca Manu ndi Chilive). , pafupifupi 100 ndi 50 km kuchokera ku ASGM, motsatira) - pambuyo pake amatchedwa "malo akutali" - ndi malo atatu mkati mwa migodi - pambuyo pake amatchedwa "malo akutali" migodi "(Mkuyu 2A). Awiri mwa migodi Malo ali m'nkhalango yachiwiri pafupi ndi matauni a Boca Colorado ndi La Bellinto, ndipo malo amodzi amigodi ali m'nkhalango yachikale ya Los Amigos Conservatio.n Concession.Dziwani kuti ku migodi ya Boca Colorado ndi Laberinto ya mgodi, mpweya wa mercury womwe umatulutsidwa kuchokera kuyaka kwa mercury-gold amalgam umapezeka kawirikawiri, koma malo enieni ndi kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika chifukwa ntchitozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamwamba komanso zachinsinsi;tidzaphatikiza migodi ndi mercury Alloy combustion pamodzi amatchedwa "ASGM ntchito".Pamalo aliwonse, timayika ma samplers amatope mu nyengo zowuma komanso zamvula m'malo odula (malo odula mitengo opanda mitengo) ndi pansi pamitengo (nkhalango). madera) kwa zochitika zonse zitatu za nyengo (miyezi iliyonse ya 1- 2)) Kuyika kwamadzi ndi kutsika kwapakati kunasonkhanitsidwa padera, ndipo zitsanzo za mpweya zopanda kanthu zinayikidwa pamalo otseguka kuti zitenge GEM.Chaka chotsatira, kutengera kuyika kwakukulu mitengo yoyezedwa m’chaka choyamba, tinaika otolera m’malo enanso asanu ndi limodzi a m’nkhalango ku Los Amigos.
Mapu a zitsanzo zisanu zachitsanzo akuwonetsedwa ngati mabwalo achikasu.Masamba awiri (Boca Manu, Chilive) ali kumadera akutali ndi migodi ya golide, ndipo malo atatu (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado ndi Laberinto) ali m'madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi migodi. , okhala ndi matauni a migodi osonyezedwa ngati ma triangles a buluu.Fanizoli likusonyeza madera akutali akutali ankhalango ndi odulidwa nkhalango omwe amakhudzidwa ndi migodi. M’zifaniziro zonse, mzere wodutsawo ukuimira mzere wolekanitsa pakati pa malo akutali aŵiri (kumanzere) ndi malo atatu okhudzidwa ndi migodi ( kumanja).B Kuchulukira kwa gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) pamalo aliwonse m'nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018 (n = 1 chitsanzo chodziyimira pawokha pa malo; zizindikiro za sikweya) ndi nyengo yamvula (n = 2 zitsanzo zodziyimira pawokha; masikweya amtundu) nyengo.C Chiwerengero chonse cha mercury mumvula yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa m'nkhalango (green boxplot) ndi kudula nkhalango (brown boxplot) madera nthawi yamvula ya 2018. Pamabokosi onse, mizere imayimira amkatikati, mabokosi amawonetsa Q1 ndi Q3, ndevu zimayimira nthawi 1.5 kuposa interquartile range (n =Zitsanzo 5 zodziyimira pawokha pa nkhalango iliyonse, n = 4 zitsanzo zodziyimira pawokha pazatsanzo za malo ogwetsa nkhalango).D Kuchuluka kwa mercury m'masamba osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku denga la Ficus insipida ndi Inga feuillei munthawi yachilimwe mu 2018 (kumanzere;mabwalo obiriwira obiriwira ndi zizindikiro za makona atatu obiriwira, motsatana) komanso kuchokera ku zinyalala zambiri pansi (mozungulira kumanja; zizindikiro zozungulira za azitona) .Makhalidwe akuwonetsedwa ngati apatuka komanso apatuka (n = 3 zitsanzo zodziyimira pawokha pamasamba amoyo, n = 1 chitsanzo chodziyimira pawokha cha zinyalala).E Kuchuluka kwa mercury mu dothi lapamwamba (pamwamba pa 0-5 cm) zosonkhanitsidwa m'nkhalango (green boxplot) ndi kudula nkhalango (brown boxplot) m'madera ouma a 2018 (n = 3 zitsanzo zodziyimira pawokha ) Deta ya nyengo zina ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.S1 ndi S2.
Atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM) inali yogwirizana ndi zoneneratu zathu, ndi mfundo zapamwamba kuzungulira ntchito ya ASGM-makamaka kuzungulira matauni akuwotcha Hg-gold amalgam-ndi zotsika mtengo m'madera omwe ali kutali ndi migodi yogwira ntchito (Mkuyu 2B). madera akutali, madera a GEM ali pansi pa chiwerengero cha dziko lonse lapansi chakum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi pafupifupi 1 ng m-326. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchuluka kwa GEM m'migodi yonse itatu kunali 2-14 nthawi zambiri kuposa migodi yakutali, ndi migodi yapafupi ( mpaka 10.9 ng m-3) anali ofanana ndi omwe ali m'matauni ndi m'matauni, ndipo nthawi zina amaposa omwe ali ku US, Industrial Zones ku China ndi Korea 27. Njira iyi ya GEM ku Madre de Dios imagwirizana ndi kuwotcha kwa mercury-gold amalgam monga gwero lalikulu la mercury yokwezeka mumlengalenga kudera lakutali la Amazon.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa GEM m'malo otsetsereka kumayang'anira kuyandikira kwa migodi, kuchuluka kwa mercury m'mathithi olowera kumadalira kuyandikira kwa migodi ndi denga la nkhalango. Mtunduwu ukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa GEM kokha sikumaneneratu komwe mercury yayikulu idzayikidwa pamalopo. mercury ndende mu nkhalango okhwima mkati mwa dera migodi (mkuyu. 2C) .Los Amigos Conservation Conservation anali apamwamba avareji ndende ya okwana mercury mu nyengo youma (osiyanasiyana: 18-61 ng L-1) anafotokoza m'mabuku ndipo anali ofanana ku milingo yoyezedwa pamalo oipitsidwa ndi migodi ya cinnabar ndi kuyaka kwa malasha kumafakitale.Kusiyanitsa, 28 ku Guizhou, China.Kudziwa kwathu, mfundozi zikuyimira kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa mercury fluxes komwe kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nyengo yowuma ndi yonyowa ya mercury ndi nyengo yamvula (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Supplementary Table 1). Malo ena awiri a migodi analibe milingo yokwera ya mercury poyerekeza ndi malo akutali (osiyanasiyana: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). Kupatulapo Hg, aluminiyamu yokha ndi manganese anali atachulukirachulukira m'dera la migodi, mwina chifukwa chochotsa malo okhudzana ndi migodi;zina zonse zazikuluzikulu zoyezedwa ndi kufufuza zinthu sizinasiyane pakati pa migodi ndi madera akutali (Supplementary Data File 1), kufufuza kogwirizana ndi leaf mercury dynamics 29 ndi ASGM amalgam kuyaka, osati fumbi lopangidwa ndi mpweya, monga gwero lalikulu la mercury mu kugwa kolowera. .
Kuphatikiza pa kukhala ngati adsorbents a particulate and gaseous mercury, masamba a zomera amatha kuyamwa mwachindunji ndi kuphatikiza GEM mu minofu30,31. Ndipotu, pa malo omwe ali pafupi ndi ntchito ya ASGM, zinyalala ndizo zikuluzikulu za mercury deposition.Mean concentrations of Hg (0.080) -0.22 µg g−1) yoyezedwa m'masamba a denga lamoyo kuchokera kumadera onse atatu a migodi idaposa mitengo yosindikizidwa ya nkhalango zotentha, zobiriwira, zamapiri ku North America, Europe, ndi Asia, komanso nkhalango zina za Amazonia ku South America, ili ku South America.Madera akutali ndi pafupi ndi magwero 32, 33, 34. Kukhazikika kumafanana ndi zomwe zimanenedwa za foliar mercury m'nkhalango zosakanikirana za ku China ndi nkhalango za Atlantic ku Brazil (Mkuyu 2D) 32,33,34.Kutsatira chitsanzo cha GEM, chapamwamba kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mercury m'zinyalala zambiri ndi masamba a denga adayezedwa m'nkhalango zachiwiri mkati mwa migodi. lipoti la Peruvia Amazon 35 ndi Hg yoyezedwa mu zinyalala (avareji pakati pa nyengo yamvula ndi yowuma) (mkuyu 3A) .Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuyandikira kwa madera a migodi ndi chivundikiro cha mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndizothandizira kwambiri ku katundu wa mercury mu ASGM m'chigawo chino.
Deta ikuwonetsedwa m'dera la A nkhalango ndi B. Malo odulidwa nkhalango a Los Amigos ndi malo odulidwa omwe amapanga gawo laling'ono la malo onse. pamwamba 0-5 masentimita a nthaka, maiwe amasonyezedwa ngati mabwalo ndipo amasonyezedwa mu μg m-2. Peresenti imayimira kuchuluka kwa mercury komwe kumapezeka mu dziwe kapena flux mu mawonekedwe a methylmercury.Average concentrations pakati pa nyengo youma (2018 ndi 2019) ndi nyengo zamvula (2018) pazambiri za mercury kudzera mumvula, mvula yambiri, ndi zinyalala, pakuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa katundu wa mercury.Deta ya Methylmercury imachokera ku nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, chaka chokhacho chomwe idayezedwa.Onani "Njira" kuti mudziwe zambiri za kuwerengetsera ndi kusinthasintha.C Ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mercury ndi chigawo cha tsamba mu magawo asanu ndi atatu a Los Amigos Conservation Conservation, kutengera ma squares regression wamba.DKuchulukirachulukira kwa mercury m'magawo onse asanu a nkhalango (zozungulira zobiriwira) ndi madera akudula nkhalango (makona atatu a bulauni), molingana ndi mabwalo ocheperako (mipiringidzo yolakwika imawonetsa kupatuka).
Pogwiritsa ntchito mvula yanthawi yayitali komanso zinyalala, tidatha kuyeza miyeso ya kulowa ndi zinyalala za mercury kuchokera pamakampeni atatu kuti tipereke kuyerekeza kwapachaka kwa mpweya wa mercury flux wa Los Amigos Conservation Concession (kulowa + zinyalala kuchuluka + mpweya) kwa kuyerekeza koyambirira.Tinapeza kuti kusinthasintha kwa mpweya wa mercury m'nkhalango zoyandikana ndi zochitika za ASGM kunali kokulirapo kuwirikiza ka 15 kuposa m'madera ozungulira nkhalango (137 motsutsana ndi 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Chithunzi 3 A,B). kuyerekeza misinkhu mercury mu Los Amigos kuposa kale lipoti mercury fluxes pafupi mfundo magwero a Mercury m'nkhalango ku North America ndi Europe (mwachitsanzo, malasha kuyatsa), ndipo n'zofanana ndi makhalidwe mu mafakitale China 21,36 .All anauza, pafupifupi 94 % ya kuchuluka kwa mercury m'nkhalango zotetezedwa za Los Amigos imapangidwa ndi kuyika kowuma (kulowa + zinyalala - mpweya wa mercury), chopereka chokwera kwambiri kuposa chambiri ena ambiri.st landscapes worldwide.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mercury kulowa m'nkhalango mwa kuyika kowuma kuchokera ku ASGM komanso kufunikira kwa denga la nkhalango pochotsa mercury yochokera ku ASGM kuchokera mumlengalenga. ntchito si ku Peru kokha.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madera odulidwa nkhalango m'madera a migodi ali ndi milingo yotsika ya mercury, makamaka chifukwa cha mvula yambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya mercury kupyolera mu kugwa ndi zinyalala. ) Kuchulukirachulukira (kusiyana: 1.5–9.1 ng L-1) kwa mercury kokwanira munyengo yamvula kunagwa mvula yambiri kunali kocheperako poyerekeza ndi zomwe zidanenedwa kale ku Adirondacks ku New York37 ndipo nthawi zambiri zinali zotsika kuposa zomwe zili kumadera akutali a Amazonian38. mvula yambiri ya Hg inali yocheperapo (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) m'madera oyandikana nawo odulidwa nkhalango poyerekeza ndi GEM, njira zochepetsera ndi zinyalala za malo a migodi, ndipo Sizikuwonetsa kuyandikira kwa migodi. .Chifukwa chakuti ASGM imafuna kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, madera odulidwa a2,3 kumene ntchito za migodi zimagwira ntchito zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa za mercury zochokera kumlengalenga kusiyana ndi madera a nkhalango zapafupi, ngakhale kutulutsidwa kwachindunji kwa ASGM (mongas elemental mercury spills kapena tailings) akuyenera kukhala okwera kwambiri.Mkulu 22.
Kusintha kwa mercury fluxes komwe kumapezeka ku Amazon ku Peru kumayendetsedwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mkati ndi pakati pa malo pa nyengo youma (nkhalango ndi kudula mitengo) (mkuyu 2) . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, tinawona kusiyana kochepa pakati pa malo ndi pakati pa malo komanso pakati pa malo. kutsika kwa Hg panthawi yamvula (Mkuyu 1 wowonjezera). Kusiyana kwa nyengoku (mkuyu 2B) kungakhale chifukwa cha kuchulukira kwa migodi ndi fumbi m'nyengo yachilimwe. kupanga, potero kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mumlengalenga timene timayamwa mercury.Mercury ndi kupanga fumbi m'nyengo yamvula kungathandize kuti mercury flux ipangidwe mkati mwa kudula mitengo poyerekeza ndi nkhalango za Los Amigos Conservation Concession.
Monga zolowa za mercury zochokera ku ASGM ku Amazon ku Peru zimayikidwa m'chilengedwe chapadziko lapansi makamaka kudzera m'malo otsetsereka a nkhalango, tidayesa ngati kuchuluka kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali (ie leaf area index) kungatsogolere kuzinthu zambiri za mercury. M'nkhalango ya Los Amigos Conservation Concession, tinasonkhanitsa dontho la dontho kuchokera ku nkhalango 7 zokhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana a denga. Tinapeza kuti chigawo cha dera la masamba chinali cholosera mwamphamvu cha kulowetsedwa kwa mercury kupyolera mu kugwa, ndipo kutanthawuza kuchulukira kwa mercury kupyolera mu kugwa kumawonjezeka ndi ndondomeko ya dera la masamba (mkuyu 3C). ) Zosintha zina zambiri zimakhudzanso kuyika kwa mercury kudzera mudontho, kuphatikiza tsamba la zaka34, kuuma kwa masamba, kuchuluka kwa matumbo, kuthamanga kwa mphepo39, chipwirikiti, kutentha, ndi nthawi yowuma isanakwane.
Mogwirizana ndi mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri ya mercury, dothi lapamwamba (0-5 cm) la malo a nkhalango ya Los Amigos linali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha mercury (140 ng g-1 m'nyengo yamvula ya 2018; Mkuyu 2E) . adalemeretsa m'nthaka yonse yowongoka (kuyambira 138-155 ng g-1 kuya kwa masentimita 45; Fig. 3). Malo okhawo omwe amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mercury panthaka nthawi yachilimwe ya 2018 ndi malo odula mitengo pafupi. tauni ya migodi (Boca Colorado) Patsambali, tidalingalira kuti kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwambiri kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kwa mercury panthawi ya kusakanikirana, popeza kuchuluka kwake sikunakwere mozama (>5 cm). kutha chifukwa chothawa m'nthaka (mwachitsanzo, mercury yotulutsidwa mumlengalenga) chifukwa cha denga la denga likhozanso kukhala lotsika kwambiri m'madera a nkhalango kusiyana ndi malo odulidwa nkhalango40, kutanthauza kuti gawo lalikulu la mercury limayikidwa kuti lisungidwe.Malowa amakhalabe m'nthaka. Maiwe amtundu wa mercury m'nkhalango yoyamba ya Los Amigos Conservation Conservation anali 9100 μg Hg m-2 mkati mwa 5 cm yoyamba ndi kupitirira 80,000 μg Hg m-2 mkati mwa 45 cm yoyamba.
Popeza masamba amatenga mercury wa mumlengalenga, m'malo motengera nthaka ya Mercury, 30,31 ndiyeno kunyamula mercury iyi kupita kunthaka pogwa, ndizotheka kuti kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa mercury kumayendetsa zomwe zimawonedwa mu nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa mercury pamwamba pa nthaka ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury m'madera onse a nkhalango, pamene panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa nthaka ya mercury ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury mumvula yambiri m'madera odulidwa (mkuyu 3D) . kuchuluka kwa mercury m'madera a nkhalango, koma osati m'malo odula nkhalango (mayiwe a pamwamba a mercury ndi mvula yonse ya mercury fluxes).
Pafupifupi maphunziro onse okhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mercury padziko lapansi komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi ASGM kwangokhala muyeso wathunthu wa mercury, koma kuchuluka kwa methylmercury kumatsimikizira kupezeka kwa mercury bioavailability ndi kuchuluka kwa michere komwe kumadza chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Komabe, kwa nthawi yoyamba, talemba kuchuluka kwa MeHg mu dothi la Amazonia pafupi ndi ASGMs, kutanthauza kuti madera okwera a MeHg amapitirira kuposa zachilengedwe zam'madzi ndi kumadera omwe akhudzidwa ndi ASGM. , kuphatikizapo amene amamira m’madzi m’nyengo yamvula.Dothi ndi zomwe zimakhala zouma chaka chonse. Kuchuluka kwa methylmercury pamwamba pa nthaka ya 2018 kunachitika m'madera awiri a nkhalango a mgodi (Boca Colorado ndi Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g-1, 1.4% Hg monga MeHg ndi 1.1 ng MeHg g-1, motsatira, pa 0.79% Hg (monga MeHg). kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa Mercury kulowetsa ndi kusungirako kwakukulu kwa mercury yonse m'nthaka, m'malo mosintha ukonde wa mercury wopezeka mu methylmercury (Supplementary Fig. 5) Zotsatira zathu zikuyimira miyeso yoyamba ya methylmercury mu dothi pafupi ndi ASGM ku Peruvian Amazon. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wanena za kupanga kwa methylmercury m'malo osefukira komanso owuma43,44 ndipo tikuyembekeza kuchuluka kwa methylmercury m'nkhalango zapafupi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo komanso madambo osatha.mercury katundu wofanana.Ngakhale methylmercury Kaya pali chiwopsezo cha chiwopsezo cha nyama zakuthengo pafupi ndi migodi ya golidi sizidziwika, koma nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi zochitika za ASGM zitha kukhala malo owopsa a mercury bioaccumulation muzakudya zapadziko lapansi.
Chofunika kwambiri komanso chodziwika bwino cha ntchito yathu ndikulemba zonyamula katundu wambiri wa mercury kupita ku nkhalango zoyandikana ndi ASGM.Deta yathu ikuwonetsa kuti mercury iyi imapezeka, ndikudutsa muzakudya zapadziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, Mercury wochuluka amasungidwa mu biomass ndi dothi ndipo akuyenera kumasulidwa ndi kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthaka45,46.Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Peruvian Amazon ndi imodzi mwa zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana za vertebrate ndi tizilombo ta taxa padziko lapansi. nkhalango zimalimbikitsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za mbalame48 ndipo zimapereka malo osungiramo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo za m’nkhalango49.Chotsatira chake, oposa 50% a dera la Madre de Dios amasankhidwa kukhala malo otetezedwa kapena malo osungiramo nyama50. Tambopata National Reserve yakula kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti boma la Peru lichitepo kanthu (Operación Mercurio)mu 2019.Komabe, zomwe tapeza zikusonyeza kuti zovuta za nkhalango zomwe zimayambitsa zamoyo za Amazonian zimapangitsa kuti derali likhale pachiopsezo chachikulu cha mercury loading ndi kusungidwa m'madera omwe ali ndi mpweya wochuluka wokhudzana ndi ASGM wokhudzana ndi mercury, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mercury fluxes padziko lonse kudzera m'madzi.Muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri wa ndalamazo umachokera ku ziwerengero zathu zoyamba za kuchuluka kwa zinyalala za mercury m'nkhalango zosalimba pafupi ndi ASGM. Ngakhale kuti kufufuza kwathu kunachitika m'nkhalango zotetezedwa, chitsanzo cha mercury input okwera ndi kusungirako chingagwire ntchito ku nkhalango iliyonse yakale. pafupi ndi zochitika za ASGM, kuphatikiza madera otetezedwa, kotero zotsatira izi zimagwirizana ndi nkhalango zotetezedwa komanso zosatetezedwa.Nkhalango zotetezedwa ndizofanana.Chifukwa chake, kuopsa kwa ASGM ku malo a mercury sikungokhudzana ndi kutumizidwa mwachindunji kwa mercury kudzera mumlengalenga, kutayira, ndi tailings, komanso kuti malo amatha kugwira, kusunga, ndi kutembenuza mercury kukhala bioavailable yambiri. mawonekedwe.zokhudzana ndi potential.methylmercury, kusonyeza zotsatira zosiyana pa maiwe a mercury padziko lonse ndi nyama zakutchire zapadziko lapansi malinga ndi nkhalango yomwe ili pafupi ndi migodi.
Pochotsa mchere wam'mlengalenga, nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi migodi ya golide ndi migodi yaying'ono zitha kuchepetsa ngozi ya mercury ku zamoyo zam'madzi zapafupi ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zam'mlengalenga. Zachilengedwe kudzera mumoto wa nkhalango, kuthawa ndi / kapena kuthamanga45, 46, 51, 52, 53. Ku Amazon ya Peru, pafupifupi matani 180 a mercury amagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse ku ASGM54, yomwe pafupifupi kotala imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga55, kupatsidwa Conservation Concession. ku Los Amigos. Derali ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza ka 7.5 malo onse otetezedwa ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe m'chigawo cha Madre de Dios (pafupifupi mahekitala 4 miliyoni), omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la malo otetezedwa m'chigawo china chilichonse cha Peru, ndipo izi. madera akuluakulu a nkhalango osagwa.Pang'onopang'ono kunja kwa gawo la ASGM ndi mercury.Choncho, kuthamangitsidwa kwa mercury m'nkhalango zosalimba sikokwanira kuletsa mercury yotengedwa ndi ASGM kulowa m'madziwe am'mlengalenga ndi padziko lonse lapansi a mercury pool, kutanthauza kufunikira kochepetsa mpweya wa mercury wa ASGM. mercury yosungidwa m'zinthu zapadziko lapansi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko zoteteza zachilengedwe.Zosankha zamtsogolo za momwe mungasamalire nkhalango zosasinthika, makamaka m'madera omwe ali pafupi ndi ntchito ya ASGM, motero zimakhala ndi zotsatira za mercury mobilization ndi bioavailability tsopano ndi zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi.
Ngakhale nkhalango zitha kuwononga mercury yonse yomwe imatulutsidwa m'nkhalango zotentha, sikungakhale njira yothetsera kuipitsidwa kwa mercury, chifukwa masamba azakudya zapadziko lapansi amathanso kukhala pachiwopsezo cha mercury. miyeso ya terrestrial mercury deposits ndi nthaka ya methylmercury imasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mercury m'nthaka ndi mkulu wa methylmercury kungapangitse anthu omwe amakhala m'nkhalangozi.Zowopsa kwa ogula zakudya zapamwamba.Deta yochokera ku maphunziro am'mbuyomu okhudzana ndi mercury bioaccumulation m'nkhalango zotentha zapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mercury m'magazi mu mbalame kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury m'matope, ndipo mbalame zoimba nyimbo zomwe zimadya zakudya zochokera kumtunda zimatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mercury Kukweza 56,57. ndi kuchepa kwa uchembere ndi kupambana, kuchepetsa kupulumuka kwa ana, kusokonezeka kwa chitukuko, kusintha kwa khalidwe, kupsinjika kwa thupi, ndi imfa58,59.Ngati chitsanzo ichi chikugwirizana ndi Amazon ya Peruvia, kuphulika kwakukulu kwa mercury komwe kumachitika m'nkhalango zowonongeka kungayambitse mercury yambiri. Mbalame ndi zamoyo zina, zomwe zingakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Izi zikukhudza makamaka chifukwa derali ndi lotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi60. Zotsatirazi zikutsindika kufunikira koletsa migodi ya golide yaukadaulo ndi yaing'ono kuti ichitike m'malo otetezedwa ndi madera ozungulira. iwo.Kukhazikitsa zochita za ASGMes15,16 ikhoza kukhala njira yowonetsetsa kuti malo otetezedwa asagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuti tione ngati mercury yoikidwa m’madera a nkhalangoyi ikulowa m’zakudya zapadziko lapansi, tinayeza nthenga za mchira wa mbalame zingapo zoimba zokhala ku Los Amigos Reserve (zokhudzidwa ndi migodi) ndi Cocha Cashu Biological Station (mbalame zakale zosakhudzidwa).nkhalango yonse ya mercury concentration.growth forest), 140 km kuchokera kumtunda kwa Bokamanu sampling site.Pa mitundu yonse itatu yomwe anthu angapo adayesedwa pamalo aliwonse, Hg idakwera mu mbalame za Los Amigos poyerekeza ndi Cocha Cashu (mkuyu 4). chitsanzo chinapitirizabe mosasamala kanthu za zizoloŵezi zodyera, monga chitsanzo chathu chinaphatikizapo myrmotherula axillaris, anti-eater yotsatira Phlegopsis nigromaculata, ndi Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g - 1). [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]).Pa 10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata anthu omwe anayesedwa ku Los Amigos, 3 inadutsa EC10 (kukhazikika kogwira mtima kwa kuchepetsa 10% pakuchita bwino kwa uchembere), 3 inaposa EC20, 1 inadutsa EC30 (onani ndondomeko ya EC mu Evers58), ndipo palibe Cocha Aliyense Mitundu ya Cashu imaposa EC10. zomwe zapezeka, zomwe zimakhala ndi mercury nthawi 2-3 kuposa mbalame zoimba kuchokera kunkhalango zotetezedwa pafupi ndi ntchito ya ASGM,ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury mpaka kuwirikiza ka 12, kumayambitsa nkhawa kuti kuipitsidwa kwa mercury kuchokera ku ASGM kungalowe muzakudya zapadziko lapansi.Zotsatirazi zikugogomezera kufunikira kopewera zochitika za ASGM m'mapaki a dziko lonse ndi madera ozungulira omwe ali otetezedwa.
Deta inasonkhanitsidwa ku Los Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 ya Myrmotherula axillaris [undertory invertivore] ndi Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 ya Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; chizindikiro cha makona atatu ofiira) ndi malo akutali ku Cocha Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 pamtundu uliwonse; zizindikiro zobiriwira zobiriwira) .Kukhazikika kogwira mtima (ECs) kumasonyeza kuchepetsa kupambana kwa ubereki ndi 10%, 20% ndi 30% (onani Evers58) . Zithunzi za mbalame zosinthidwa kuchokera ku Schulenberg65.
Kuyambira 2012, kukula kwa ASGM ku Amazon ku Peru kwawonjezeka ndi 40% m'madera otetezedwa ndi 2,25 kapena kuposerapo m'madera opanda chitetezo. zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalangozi.Ngakhale ogwira ntchito ku migodi atasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mercury nthawi yomweyo, zotsatira za zonyansazi m'nthaka zimatha kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zomwe zingathe kuonjezera kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango ndi moto wa nkhalango61,62.Chotero, kuwonongeka kwa mercury kuchokera ku ASGM kungakhale kwa nthawi yaitali. zotsatira pa biota ya nkhalango zomwe zili pafupi ndi ASGM, zoopsa zomwe zilipo panopa ndi zoopsa zamtsogolo kudzera muzitsulo za mercury m'nkhalango zakale zomwe zimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wosamalira.Kupeza kwathu kuti terrestrial biota ikhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa mercury kuchokera ku ASGM kuyenera kupereka chilimbikitso chopitilira kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa mercury kuchokera ku ASGM. njira zochepetsera ndalama kuzinthu zovuta zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zidzapangitse ntchitoyi ndikuchepetsa zolimbikitsa zachuma za ASGM yosaloledwa.
Tili ndi masiteshoni asanu mkati mwa 200 km kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Madre de Dios.Tidasankha malo opangira sampuli potengera kuyandikira kwawo kwa ASGM yayikulu, pafupifupi 50 km pakati pa malo aliwonse opangira zitsanzo, ofikirika kudzera pamtsinje wa Madre de Dios (mkuyu 2A) . Tidasankha malo awiri opanda migodi (Boca Manu ndi Chilive, pafupifupi 100 ndi 50 km kuchokera ku ASGM, motsatana), pambuyo pake amatchedwa "malo akutali". Malo awiri amigodi m'nkhalango yachiwiri pafupi ndi matauni a Boca Colado ndi Laberinto, ndi malo amodzi amigodi m'nkhalango yokhazikika. a mercury-gold amalgam ndizochitika kawirikawiri, koma malo enieni ndi kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika chifukwa ntchitozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoletsedwa komanso zachinsinsi;tidzaphatikiza migodi ndi mercury Alloy combustion pamodzi amatchedwa "ASGM ntchito".Mkati mwa nyengo yamvula ya 2018 (July ndi August 2018) ndi nyengo yamvula ya 2018 (December 2018) m'malo odulidwa (malo odula mitengo opanda mitengo) ndi Pansi pa mitengo yamitengo (malo a nkhalango), ife oyesa Sediment adayikidwa pamalo asanu ndipo mu Januware 2019) kuti titenge malo onyowa (n = 3) ndi dontho lolowera (n = 4), motsatana. M'chaka chachiwiri cha mvula yamvula (July ndi August 2019), tinaika osonkhanitsa (n = 4) m'madera asanu ndi limodzi a nkhalango ku Los Amigos kwa masabata asanu, kutengera mitengo yamtengo wapatali yoyesedwa m'chaka choyamba, Pali malo okwana 7 a nkhalango ndi chiwembu cha 1 chodula mitengo ku Los Amigos. Mtunda pakati pa ziwembu unali 0.1 mpaka 2.5 km.
Tidatumiza zoyesa mpweya wa mercury pamalo aliwonse athu asanu munthawi yachilimwe ya 2018 (Julayi-Ogasiti 2018) ndi nyengo yamvula ya 2018 (December 2018-Januware 2019) kwa miyezi iwiri (PAS). Sampler imodzi ya PAS idatumizidwa patsamba lililonse m'nyengo yachilimwe ndipo ma samplers awiri a PAS adatumizidwa m'nyengo yamvula.PAS (yopangidwa ndi McLagan et al. 63) imasonkhanitsa gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) ndi kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kutulutsa mpweya pa sulfure-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) kudzera a Radiello © diffusion barrier.Chotchinga chotchinga cha PAS chimakhala ngati chotchinga podutsa mitundu ya gaseous organic mercury;Choncho, GEM yokhayo imakongoletsedwa ku carbon 64. Tinagwiritsa ntchito zingwe za pulasitiki kuti tigwirizane ndi PAS pamtengo pafupifupi mamita 1 pamwamba pa nthaka. Zotsatsira zonse zinasindikizidwa ndi parafilm kapena kusungidwa m'matumba apulasitiki osanjikiza awiri asanayambe ndi pambuyo pake. adasonkhanitsa malo opanda kanthu ndikuyenda opanda PAS kuti awone kuipitsidwa komwe kunayambika panthawi ya sampuli, kusungirako minda, kusungirako zasayansi, ndi zoyendera.
Pakutumiza kwa malo onse asanu opangira sampuli, tidayika otolera mvula atatu kuti afufuze za mercury ndi otolera awiri kuti tiwunikenso mankhwala ena, ndi otolera anayi otengera kusanthula kwa mercury pamalo ogwetsa nkhalango.otolera, ndi otolera awiri pofufuza mankhwala ena.Otolerawo ali kutalikirana mita imodzi kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Dziwani kuti ngakhale tili ndi chiwerengero chofananira cha otolera chomwe chimayikidwa pamalo aliwonse, nthawi zina zosonkhanitsira timakhala ndi makulidwe ang'onoang'ono chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi, anthu. kusokoneza osonkhanitsa, ndi kulephera kwa kugwirizana pakati pa machubu ndi mabotolo osonkhanitsa.Pa nkhalango iliyonse ndi malo odula nkhalango, wosonkhanitsa mmodzi wa mercury kufufuza anali ndi botolo la 500-mL, pamene winayo anali ndi botolo la 250-mL;osonkhanitsa ena onse kuti afufuze mankhwala anali ndi botolo la 250-mL. Zitsanzozi zinkasungidwa mufiriji mpaka zopanda mufiriji, kenako zimatumizidwa ku United States pa ayezi, kenako zimasungidwa mufiriji mpaka kusanthula. kudzera mu chubu chatsopano cha styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene chipika cha polima (C-Flex) chokhala ndi botolo latsopano la polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) ndi loop yomwe imakhala ngati loko yotsekera. ndi 1 mL trace metal grade hydrochloric acid (HCl) ndi mabotolo onse a 500mL PETG anali acidified ndi 2 mL trace metal grade HCl. Wosonkhanitsa mankhwala ena owunikira amakhala ndi fayilo ya pulasitiki yolumikizidwa ndi botolo la polyethylene kudzera mu chubu chatsopano cha C-Flex Lupu lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati loko yotsekera.Magalasi onse, magalasi apulasitiki ndi mabotolo a polyethylene adatsukidwa ndi asidi asanatumizidwe.Tinasonkhanitsa zitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyera ya manja odetsedwa (EPA Method 1669), yosungidwa ndi sam.ples ozizira momwe angathere mpaka kubwerera ku United States, ndiyeno kusungidwa zitsanzo pa 4 ° C mpaka kusanthula.Kafukufuku wam'mbuyo pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi awonetsa 90-110% kuchira kwa malo osokonekera a labotale pansi pa malire odziwika ndi spikes wamba37.
Pamalo aliwonse asanuwa, tinasonkhanitsa masamba ngati masamba a denga, zitsanzo zamasamba, zinyalala zatsopano, ndi zinyalala zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya manja odetsedwa ndi manja (EPA Method 1669) .Zitsanzo zonse zinasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa chilolezo chosonkhanitsa kuchokera ku SERFOR , Peru, ndi kutumizidwa ku United States pansi pa chilolezo cha USDA kuitanitsa.Tinasonkhanitsa masamba a denga kuchokera ku mitundu iwiri ya mitengo yomwe imapezeka pa malo onse: mtengo womwe ukuwonekera (Ficus insipida) ndi mtengo wapakati (Inga feuilleei) .Tinasonkhanitsa masamba kuchokera pamitengo yamitengo pogwiritsa ntchito legeni ya Notch Big Shot m'nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, mvula ya 2018, ndi nyengo yachilimwe ya 2019 (n = 3 pamtundu uliwonse). nthambi zosakwana 2 m pamwamba pa nthaka m’nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, mvula ya 2018, ndi chilimwe cha 2019. zinyalala zatsopano (“zinyalala zambiri”) m’mabasiketi okhala ndi mauna apulasitiki(n = 5) m’nyengo yamvula ya 2018 m’malo onse asanu a nkhalango komanso m’nyengo yachilimwe ya 2019 ku Los Amigos plot (n = 5) . , chitsanzo chathu chinali chaching'ono chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kusokoneza anthu ndi otolera. Madengu onse otaya zinyalala amayikidwa mkati mwa mita imodzi kuchokera pa otolera madzi. nyengo yowuma ya 2019. M’nyengo yamvula ya 2019, tinasonkhanitsanso zinyalala zochulukirapo m’madera athu onse a Los Amigos. ndiyeno kusungidwa mazira mpaka processing.
Tidatolera zitsanzo za dothi patatu (n = 3) kuchokera kumasamba onse asanu (otseguka ndi denga) komanso malo a Los Amigos munthawi yachilimwe ya 2019 pazochitika zonse zitatu zanyengo. Anasonkhanitsa zitsanzo za nthaka ngati dothi lapamwamba pansi pa zinyalala (0-5 cm) pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha nthaka. Kuwonjezera apo, m'nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, tinasonkhanitsa zitsulo za dothi mpaka 45 cm ndikuzigawa m'magawo asanu akuya. Ku Laberinto, tikhoza sonkhanitsani dothi limodzi lokha chifukwa madzi ali pafupi ndi nthaka. Tinasonkhanitsa zitsanzo zonse pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yoyera ya m'manja yauve (EPA Method 1669). Tinayika mufiriji zitsanzo zonse za dothi mpaka zitawumitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito firiji, kenako n'kutumizidwa. pa ayezi kupita ku United States, kenako kusungidwa mufiriji mpaka kukonzedwa.
Gwiritsani ntchito zisa za chifunga zomwe zimayikidwa m'bandakucha ndi madzulo kuti mugwire mbalame panthawi yozizira kwambiri ya tsiku.Ku Los Amigos Reserve, tinayika zisa zisanu zachifunga (1.8 × 2.4) m'malo asanu ndi anayi. Pa Cocha Cashu Bio Station, tinayika 8 mpaka 10 zisa za chifunga (12 x 3.2 m) m'malo 19. Pamalo onsewa, tinasonkhanitsa nthenga yoyamba yapakati ya mbalame iliyonse, kapena ngati sichoncho, nthenga yakale kwambiri. Timasunga nthenga m'matumba aukhondo a Ziploc kapena maenvulopu a manila okhala ndi silicone. Tinasonkhanitsa zolemba zithunzi ndi miyeso ya morphometric kuti azindikire zamoyo malinga ndi Schulenberg65.Maphunziro onse awiriwa anathandizidwa ndi SERFOR ndi chilolezo chochokera ku Animal Research Council (IACUC) .Poyerekeza nthenga za mbalame Hg zokhazikika, tinayang'ana mitundu yomwe nthenga zake zinasonkhanitsidwa ku Los Amigos Conservation Concession. ndi Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Kuti mudziwe Leaf Area Index (LAI), deta ya lidar idasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, sensor fusion unmanned mlengalenga (onani www.gatoreye.org kuti mumve zambiri, ikupezekanso pogwiritsa ntchito ulalo wa "2019 Peru Los Friends" June " ) 66.The lidar anasonkhanitsidwa ku Los Amigos Conservation Conservation mu June 2019, ndi kutalika kwa 80 m, kuthamanga kwa ndege 12 m / s, ndi mtunda wa 100 m pakati pa njira zoyandikana, kotero kuti chiwerengero cha kufalikira kwapambuyo chinafika pa 75. %.Kuchulukitsitsa kwa mfundo zomwe zagawidwa m'nkhalango yoyima kumaposa mapointsi 200 pa sikweya mita imodzi. Malo othawirako amadutsana ndi madera onse achitsanzo ku Los Amigos m'nyengo yachilimwe ya 2019.
Tinayesa kuchuluka kwa Hg kwa ma GEM osonkhanitsidwa a PAS pogwiritsa ntchito matenthedwe, kuphatikizika, ndi mawonekedwe a atomiki (USEPA Method 7473) pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha Hydra C (Teledyne, CV-AAS). Tinayesa CV-AAS pogwiritsa ntchito National Institute of Standards ndi Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material 3133 (Hg standard solution, 10.004 mg g-1) yokhala ndi malire a 0.5 ng Hg. Tinachita Continuous Calibration Verification (CCV) pogwiritsa ntchito NIST SRM 3133 ndi Quality Control Standards (QCS) pogwiritsa ntchito NIST 1632e (malasha a bituminous, 135.1 mg g-1) .Tinagawanitsa chitsanzo chilichonse mu boti losiyana, ndikuchiyika pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zoonda za sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) ufa, ndikuphimba ndi aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) yochepa kwambiri. 3) powder67.Tinayesa chiwerengero cha HGR-AC cha sampuli iliyonse kuti tichotse inhomogeneity iliyonse mu kugawa kwa Hg mu HGR-AC sorbent. chotengera chilichonse ndiZonse zomwe zili mu HGR-AC sorbent mu PAS.Popeza kuti chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha PAS chinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera patsamba lililonse kuti chiwongoleredwe munyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, njira zowongolera ndi kutsimikizira zaukadaulo zidachitika poika m'magulu zitsanzo zopanda kanthu zowunikira, miyezo yamkati, ndi matrix. -munthawi ya mvula ya 2018, tidabwereza kuyeza kwa zitsanzo za PAS. Makhalidwe adawonedwa ngati ovomerezeka pomwe kusiyana kwapakati (RPD) kwa CCV ndi miyeso yofananira ndi matrix onse anali mkati mwa 5% ya zovomerezeka. mtengo, ndipo zosoweka zonse za kachitidwe zinali pansi pa malire ozindikiridwa (BDL) .Tinakonza zonse za mercury zoyezedwa mu PAS pogwiritsa ntchito zowunikira zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kuchokera kumunda ndi maulendo (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5). Tinawerengera GEM kukhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito misa yonse yokonzedwa bwino ya adsorbed mercury yogawidwa ndi nthawi yotumizira ndi kuwerengera (kuchuluka kwa mpweya wochotsa gaseous mercury pa nthawi ya unit;0.135 m3 tsiku-1)63,68, zosinthidwa kutentha ndi mphepo kuchokera ku World Weather Online Avereji ya kutentha ndi miyezo ya mphepo yopezedwa kudera la Madre de Dios68.Zolakwa zomwe zanenedwa pazambiri za GEM zoyezedwa zimatengera kulakwitsa kwa muyezo wakunja. thamangani chisanachitike ndi pambuyo pake.
Tidasanthula zitsanzo zamadzi zazomwe zili ndi mercury ndi oxidation ndi bromine chloride kwa maola osachepera 24, kutsatiridwa ndi stannous chloride reduction and purge and trap analysis, cold nvapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), ndi gas chromatography (GC) kupatukana (EPA Njira). 1631 ya Tekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E). Tinachita CCV pa zitsanzo za nyengo yamvula ya 2018 pogwiritsa ntchito Ultra Scientific certified aqueous mercury miyezo (10 μg L-1) ndi kutsimikizira koyambirira (ICV) pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zovomerezeka za NIST 1641D (mercury m'madzi, 1.557 mg kg-1) ) yokhala ndi malire a 0.02 ng L-1. Pa nyengo yamvula ya 2018 ndi zitsanzo za 2019 zouma, tinagwiritsa ntchito Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L-1). ) kwa calibration ndi CCV ndi SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) multi-element for ICV solution standard 2 A yokhala ndi malire a 0.5 ng L-1. Miyezo yonse idachira mkati mwa 15% ya zovomerezeka.d zosasoweka, zosoweka za digestion ndi zosokonekera zonse ndi ma BDL.
Timawumitsa dothi ndi zitsanzo za masamba kwa masiku asanu. Tinapanga homogenized zitsanzo ndikuzisanthula kuti tipeze mercury yonse ndi kuwonongeka kwa kutentha, kuchepetsa kuchepetsa, kusakaniza, kutayika, ndi kuyang'ana kwa atomiki (njira ya EPA 7473) pa Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) -80) .Pa zitsanzo za nyengo youma ya 2018, tinayesa mayeso a DMA-80 pogwiritsa ntchito NIST 1633c (fly ash, 1005 ng g-1) ndi National Research Council of Canada certified reference material MESS-3 (marine sediment, 91 ng g -1).Kuwongolera.Tidagwiritsa ntchito NIST 1633c pa CCV ndi MS ndi MESS-3 pa QCS yokhala ndi malire a 0.2 ng Hg. Pa nyengo yamvula ya 2018 ndi zitsanzo za 2019 zouma, tinayesa DMA-80 pogwiritsa ntchito Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L−1).Tinagwiritsa ntchito NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin soil, 1100 ng g-1) pa CCV ndi MS ndi DORM-4 (fish protein, 410 ng g-1) pa QCS yokhala ndi malire a 0.5 ng Hg. Pa nyengo zonse, tidasanthula zitsanzo zonse mobwerezabwereza komanso zovomerezeka pomwe RPD pakati pa zitsanzo ziwirizo inali mkati mwa 10%. Kubweza kwapakati pamiyezo yonse ndi ma spikes a matrix anali mkati mwa 10% ya zinthu zovomerezeka, ndipo zonse zomwe zidasokonekera zinali. BDL.All lipoti ndende ndi youma kulemera.
Tinasanthula methylmercury mu zitsanzo za madzi kuchokera ku zochitika zonse zitatu za nyengo, zitsanzo za masamba a nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, ndi zitsanzo za nthaka kuchokera ku zochitika zonse zitatu za nyengo. % potaziyamu hydroxide mu methanol kwa osachepera 48 h pa 55 ° C kwa osachepera 70 h, ndi dothi digested ndi mayikirowevu ndi trace zitsulo kalasi HNO3 acid71,72.Tinasanthula zitsanzo za nyengo youma ya 2018 pogwiritsa ntchito ethylation yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito sodium tetraethylborate, purge and trap, ndi CVAFS pa Tekran 2500 spectrometer (EPA njira 1630). njira yodziwira malire a 0.2 ng L-1.Tinasanthula zitsanzo za nyengo youma ya 2019 pogwiritsa ntchito tetraethylborate ya sodium ya madzi ethylation, purge and trap, CVAFS, GC, ndi ICP-MS pa Agilent 770 (EPA njira 1630)73. Miyezo ya Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury (1 ng L-1) yoyezera ndi CCV yokhala ndi malire ozindikira njira ya 1 pg. Miyezo yonse idachira mkati mwa 15% ya zovomerezeka za nyengo zonse ndipo zonse zomwe zidasokonekera zinali BDL.
Ku Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory (Portland, Maine, USA), malire ozindikira njira anali 0.001 μg g-1.Tinayesa DMA-80 pogwiritsa ntchito DOLT-5 (chiwindi cha dogfish, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24 μg g-1), ndi NIST 2710a (nthaka ya Montana, 9.888 μg g-1) .Timagwiritsa ntchito DOLT-5 ndi CE-464 pa CCV ndi QCS. Kubwezeretsa kwapakati pamiyezo yonse kunali mkati mwa 5% ya zinthu zovomerezeka, ndipo zonse zopanda kanthu. anali BDL.Onse obwereza anali mkati mwa 15% RPD.Nthenga zonse zomwe zinanenedwa za nthenga za mercury ndizolemera zatsopano (fw).
Timagwiritsa ntchito zosefera za nembanemba za 0.45 μm kusefa zitsanzo za madzi kuti tifufuze mankhwala owonjezera.Tidasanthula zitsanzo zamadzi za anions (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) ndi cations (calcium, magnesium, potaziyamu, sodium) ndi ion chromatography (njira ya EPA 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] pogwiritsa ntchito Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Miyezo yonse idabwezedwa mkati mwa 10% ya zinthu zovomerezeka ndipo zonse zomwe zidasok Miyezo ya calibration inakonzedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa seriyoni kwa certified water standard NIST 1643f. All whitespace ndi BDL.
Machulukidwe ndi maiwe onse omwe adanenedwa m'mawu ndi ziwerengero amagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwamitengo yanthawi yowuma ndi mvula. nyengo youma ndi mvula.Tinawerengera nkhalango za mercury fluxes kuchokera ku Los Amigos Conservation Concession monga mwachidule mercury input kudzera dontho ndi zinyalala.Tinawerengera Hg fluxes kuchokera ku kudula mitengo kuchokera ku precipitation yambiri Hg deposition.Kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya mvula ya tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku Los Amigos (yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa ngati gawo la EBLA komanso kupezeka kuchokera ku ACCA popempha), tinawerengera kuti mvula yamvula yapachaka pazaka khumi zapitazi (2009-2018) ikhala pafupifupi 2500 mm yr-1 .Dziwani kuti m’chaka cha kalendala cha 2018, mvula yapachaka yatsala pang’ono kugwa. 2468mm), pomwe miyezi yonyowa kwambiri (Januware, February ndi Disembala) imakhala pafupifupi theka la mvula yapachaka (1288mm ya 2468mm) .Chifukwa chake timagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa nthawi yamvula komanso yowuma muzowerengera zonse zakuchulukirachulukira komanso dziwe. Izi zimatithandizanso kuti tisamangoganizira za kusiyana kwa mvula pakati pa nyengo yamvula ndi yowuma, komanso kusiyana kwa zochitika za ASGM pakati pa nyengo ziwirizi. Zolemba zamakalata azaka zapachaka za mercury fluxes kuchokera kunkhalango zotentha zimasiyana pakati pa kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mercury kuchokera ku nyengo youma ndi mvula kapena nyengo yowuma, poyerekeza ndi kuwerengera kwathu kuzinthu zamabuku, timafanizira mwachindunji ma mercury fluxes athu, pomwe kafukufuku wina adatenga zitsanzo. m'nyengo yowuma ndi yamvula, ndikuyerekezanso kusinthasintha kwathu pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa mercury m'nyengo youma pomwe kafukufuku wina adatenga zitsanzo m'nyengo yachilimwe (mwachitsanzo, 74).
Kuti tidziwe kuchuluka kwa mercury pachaka panthawi yonse ya mvula, mvula yambiri komanso zinyalala ku Los Amigos, tinagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pakati pa nyengo yachilimwe (chiwerengero cha malo onse a Los Amigos mu 2018 ndi 2019) ndi nyengo yamvula (avareji ya 2018) Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mercury kumadera ena, kuchuluka kwapakati pakati pa nyengo yamvula ya 2018 ndi mvula ya 2018 kunagwiritsidwa ntchito.Pazinthu za methylmercury katundu, tinagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku nyengo youma ya 2018, chaka chokha chomwe methylmercury inayesedwa. Kuti tiyerekeze zinyalala za mercury fluxes, tinagwiritsa ntchito zowerengera za zinyalala ndi kuchuluka kwa mercury zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumasamba m'madengu a zinyalala pa 417 g m-2 yr-1 ku Amazon ya Peru. tidagwiritsa ntchito nthaka yonse yoyezedwa Hg (nyengo yachilimwe ya 2018 ndi 2019, mvula ya 2018) ndi kuchuluka kwa MeHg munyengo yachilimwe ya 2018, ndi kachulukidwe kake ka 1.25 g cm-3 ku Brazilian Amazon75.sinthani ziwerengero za bajeti izi pa malo athu ophunzirira, Los Amigos, komwe kumapezeka mvula yanthawi yayitali, komanso komwe nkhalango yonse imalola kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kale.
Timakonza maulendo apandege a lidar pogwiritsa ntchito GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, yomwe imangotengera zinthu zoyera zophatikizika zamtambo ndi zinthu zowoneka bwino, kuphatikiza ma digito okwera (DEM) pa 0.5 × 0.5 m resolution.Tidagwiritsa ntchito DEM ndikuyeretsa mitambo ya lidar point (WGS-84, UTM) 19S Meters) monga chothandizira ku GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD) kayendedwe ka ntchito, komwe kumawerengera kuyerekeza kwa tsamba la voxel (m3) (m2) iliyonse pansi pamwamba pa denga pakutha kwa 1 × 1 × 1 m, ndi LAI yotengedwa (chiwerengero cha LAD mkati mwa gawo lililonse la 1 × 1 m ofukula) .
Tinapanga zowerengera zonse pogwiritsa ntchito R version 3.6.1 statistical software76 ndi mawonedwe onse pogwiritsa ntchito ggplot2.Tidayesa zowerengera pogwiritsa ntchito alpha ya 0.05.Ubale pakati pa mitundu iwiri yochulukira idawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma squares regression wamba. mayeso a nonparametric Kruskal komanso mayeso a Wilcox awiri.
Deta yonse yomwe ili m'bukuli ingapezeke mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera ndi mafayilo okhudzana ndi deta.Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) imapereka chidziwitso cha mvula pakupempha.
Natural Resources Defense Council.Artisanal Golide: Mwayi Wopereka Udindo - Summary.Investing in Artisanal Gold Summary v8 https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/investing-artisanal-gold-summary.pdf (2016).
Asner, GP & Tupayachi, R. Inafulumizitsa kutayika kwa nkhalango zotetezedwa chifukwa cha migodi ya golide ku Peruvian Amazon.environment.reservoir.Wright.12, 9 (2017).
Espejo, JC et al.Kudula mitengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango kuchokera ku migodi ya golidi ku Amazon ya Peru: mawonekedwe a zaka 34.Kuwona kwakutali 10, 1-17 (2018).
Gerson, Jr. et al.Kukula kwa nyanja zopanga kumawonjezera kuipitsidwa kwa mercury kuchokera ku migodi ya golide.science.Advanced.6, eabd4953 (2020).
Dethier, EN, Sartain, SL & Lutz, DA Kukwera kwa madzi ndi kusinthika kwa nyengo kwa matope oimitsidwa ndi mitsinje m'malo otentha a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha migodi ya golide.Process.National Academy of Sciences.science.US 116, 23936–23941 (2019).
Abe, CA et al.Kufanizira zotsatira za kusintha kwa chivundikiro cha nthaka pakuchulukira kwa dothi mu migodi ya golide ya Amazon beseni.register.environment.often.19, 1801–1813 (2019).
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-24-2022